Disaster

A disaster is the result of exposure to a hazard that threatens personal safety, disrupts community and family structures and results in personal and societal loss creating demands that exceed existing resources. Disasters are either naturally occurring (earthquakes, hurricanes, floods) or human made (industrial and environmental accidents, terrorism, bioterrorism). Terrorism, a subset of human made disasters, can be distinguished from other natural and human-made disasters by the characteristic extensive fear, loss of confidence in institutions, unpredictability and pervasive experience of loss of safety. CSTS conducts research, education, consultation and training around the psychological effects and health consequences of exposure to disasters.

Disasters threaten the health of a nation — its citizens, communities, and important institutions such as the workplace. Resilience is the expected response to a disaster, but for some the effects can be severe and lasting. Disasters result in a wide range of psychological responses from distress to psychiatric disorders to health risk behaviors. People who are exposed to disaster and terrorism are at increased risk for depression, generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder, increased substance use and post-traumatic stress disorder. Disaster exposure also can lead to increased use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, especially for those with pre-existing alcohol abuse or other psychiatric difficulties. Terrorism is associated with a greater negative, psychological impact than other disasters because of its malicious intent.

Psychological First Aid (PFA) is an important evidence-informed post-disaster intervention to mitigate the psychological consequences of traumatic exposure, found to be helpful in restoring function and resilience. The principles of PFA include safety, calming, efficacy, connectedness and hope. Like other forms of First Aid (e.g. CPR), Psychological First Aid is developed for delivery not only by behavioral health care specialists, but also by a larger population of individuals who have received training in applying its core principles.

Disasters affect individuals, families, communities and institutions such as the workplace. Disaster management requires attention to vulnerable populations including women, children, diverse ethnic groups and first responders. Leadership plays a critical role in crisis management and recovery. Disasters may also have unexpected beneficial effects by serving as organizing events and providing a sense of purpose and an opportunity for positive growth experiences.

The Center’s resources around managing the psychological and behavioral impact of disasters are extensive. Many resources are developed in real time, the result of consultations with community stakeholders and responders during an actual disaster of national or international significance.